Sodium and nitrate favor the steady state of cyanobacteriain a semiarid ecosystem

This study characterized steady state events (SS) in a semiarid reservoir (Brazil) dominated by cyanobacteria for 130 weeks, and evaluated the influence of different abiotic variables on their occurrence. It was hypothesized that, in semiarid reservoirs, steady state events are independent from seasonality and influenced by high nutrient concentrations, and steady state periods show low variation of species. Our data revealed the occurrence of SS events in both the dry and wet seasons. Higher concentrations of nitrate and sodium together with higher values of color favored the development of SS. Species composing the SS dominated by Microcystis aeruginosa (Kützing) Kützingwas correlated with higher sulfate concentrations, while higher values of turbidity and sodium concentrations favored the SS of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (Woloszynska) Seenaya and Suba Rajuand Planktothrix agardhii (Gomont) Anagnostidis and Komárek. The results supported the hypothesis and showed the importance of variables rarely evaluated in works of this nature, such as sodium and sulfate in SS establishment of cyanobacteria.

Environmental drivers on leaf phenology of ironstone outcrops species under seasonal climate

ABSTRACT Banded iron formations (BIF) have a particular vegetation type and provide a good model system for testing theories related to leaf phenology, due to unique stressful environmental conditions. As a consequence of the stressful conditions of BIF environment, we hypothesize that most species would retain at least some significant canopy cover, even at the end of the dry season, independently of growth form - trees, shrubs, and sub-shrubs. Considering the strong seasonality, we also hypothesize that photoperiod and rainfall act as triggers for leaf fall and leaf flushing in these environments. The majority of the fifteen studied species had a semi-deciduous behavior and shed their leaves mainly during the dry season, with a recovery at the end of this season. In general, leaf flushing increased around the spring equinox (end of the dry season and start of the rainy season). A trade-off between leaf loss and leaf maintenance is expected in a community in which most plants are naturally selected to be semi-deciduous. Our results suggest photoperiod as a dominant factor in predicting leaf phenology.

Clasificación trófica de insectos acuáticos en ocho quebradas protegidas de la ecorregión cafetera colombiana / Trophic classification of aquatic insects in eight sheltered streams of the Colombian coffee ecoregion / Classificação trófica de insetos aquáticos em oito córregos protegidos da ecorregião cafetera colombiana

Objetivo. Determinar la estructura trófica del ensamblaje de insectos acuáticos asociados a ocho quebradas de la ecorregión cafetera colombiana. Materiales y métodos. Se colectaron insectos acuáticos en ocho quebradas protegidas por corredores de bosque en la cuenca del río La Vieja. Los taxa encontrados fueron asignados a grupos dietarios con base en una clasificación regional, generada a partir de la revisión del contenido estomacal de los insectos, en quebradas boscosas de la cuenca del río Otún. Resultados. En total se colectaron 2019 individuos distribuidos en 73 grupos taxonómicos, de los cuales 60 fueron clasificados en grupos dietarios. Los colectores fueron el grupo más abundante (55%), seguido por los fragmentadores (31%) y los depredadores (10%). Los raspadores sólo representaron el 0,05% de la muestra y el 3,95% restante no pudo ser clasificado por falta de información. Conclusiones. La dominancia de colectores y fragmentadores refleja la importancia de la materia orgánica particulada gruesa (hojarasca), como recurso alimentario para la entomofauna. La similitud de la estructura trófica entre esta comunidad y otras estudiadas en quebradas similares, sugiere la posibilidad de un patrón común para las quebradas andinas. Se evidenció la falta de información sobre ecología trófica de insectos acuáticos tropicales; 50% de los taxa colectados no presentaron reportes de este tipo en el trópico y para el 20% no existe información en el trópico ni en la zona templada.

Objective. To determine the trophic structure of the aquatic insect assembly associated to eight streams in the Colombian coffee-growing ecoregion. Materials and methods. Aquatic insects were collected in eight forested streams located in La Vieja river basin. The taxa collected were assigned to dietary groups according to a regional classification based on the gut content analysis of aquatic insects associated to forested streams of the Otún river basin. Results. 2019 individuals belonging to 73 taxa were collected and 60 were classified into dietary groups. The most abundant group was collectors (55%), followed by shredders (31%) and predators (10%). Scrapers represented only 0.05% of the sample and the remaining 3,95% could not be classified due to lack of information. Conclusions. The dominance of collectors and shredders reveals the importance of coarse particulate organic matter (leaf litter) as a food resource for the insect fauna. Similarities between the trophic structure of this community and other communities studied in similar streams, suggest the possibility of a common pattern for Andean streams. This study evidenced the lack of knowledge on trophic ecology of tropical aquatic insects; 50% of the taxa collected did not have this kind of information for the tropics and 20% had no information neither for the tropics nor temperate zones.

Objetivo. Determinar a estrutura trófica da assembléia de insetos aquáticos associados a oito córregos da ecorregião cafetera colombiana. Materiais e métodos. Foram coletados insetos aquáticos em oito córregos protegidos por corredores florestais na bacia do rio La Vieja. Os taxa encontrados foram designados a grupos de dieta baseados numa classificação regional, gerada a partir da análise do conteúdo estomacal dos insetos, em córregos da bacia do rio Otún. Resultados. Foram coletados 2.019 indivíduos pertencentes a 73 grupos taxonômicos, dos quais 60 foram classificados em grupos alimentares. Os coletores foram o grupo mais abundante (55%), seguido por fragmentadores (31%) e predadores (10%). Os raspadores representaram apenas 0,05% da amostra e os restantes 3,95% não puderam ser classificados devido à falta de informação. Conclusões. O predomínio de coletores e fragmentadores reflete a importância da matéria orgânica particulada grossa (serrapilheira), como recurso alimentar para a fauna de insetos. A semelhança entre a estrutura trófica desta comunidade e outras estudadas em córregos similares, sugerem a possibilidade de um padrão comum para córregos andinos. Este estudo revelou a falta de informação sobre a ecologia alimentar de insetos aquáticos tropicais, 50% dos taxa coletados não apresentaram nenhum registro deste tipo no trópico, e para o 20% não há informação nem nos trópicos nem na zona temperada.